Homeopathy degree-Research Methods module- Evaluation assignment Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Additionally, the mechanism by which the PC remedy actually works is not discussed. As this should be the heart of the matter, it is surprising that Van der Zee’s makes no mention of how medically and biologically the body synthesizes the treatment and works to heal itself from the given malady. Also equally troubling is how remedy is sold. Rather than providing the necessary ingredients to the consumer, even at a noticeable markup, and being forthwith and upfront about the active ingredients; Van der Zee has a system by which someone who suffers from an ailment will contact Van der Zee to buy the code to the ingredients for the PC remedy. Upon receipt of the code, the patient may then bring the code to one of 3 homeopathic compounding pharmacies that Van der Zee has listed on his website as cooperating pharmacies. In short, the whole organization of the cure lends one to be more than somewhat alarmed by the whole process (Stehlin, 1997). Lastly, Van der Zee references  "consistently good results† multiple times when referring to the efficacy of PC1 on ailments such as gonorrhea, AIDs, malaria, and MS; however, the actual raw data, numbers cured, numbers of patients that succumbed to the disease or the treatment, the establishment of any type of control group and or other variables are not mentioned (Grimvall, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Homeopathy degree-Research Methods module- Evaluation assignment or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Additionally, the author may have desired to talk broadly about the applications and uses for homeopathy; yet the pitfall is found when he begins to mix medical postulation with belief without offering supporting evidence (Pope/Mays 1998). As compared with the other similar analysis, the level of literature cited and referenced by van der Zee is not what would be considered admissible for a scientific study (Singh, 1999).

Instructions For Selecting Appropriate Words - 919 Words

Chapter 4 Summary 1. Selecting Appropriate Words a. As you being to write a memo, letter, etc., it is important to reminder yourself who your audience will be. i. Use words that will be familiar to your audiences. 1. In order to communicate effectively to an audience, you should use words that the audience is familiar with. ii. Aim to use short words. 1. In the book, Business Communication, authors Kathryn Rentz and Paula Lentz explain that, â€Å"short words tend to be familiar words† and that the â€Å"heavy use of long words†¦creates an impression of difficulty† even if the long words are understandable. (Rentz) iii. Use slang and popular clichà ©s with caution 1. Although slangs and clichà ©s could make you sound credible with other business†¦show more content†¦ii. Avoid words that stereotype by race, nationality, or sexual orientation. 1. Stereotypes against race, nationally, and sexual orientation is typically negative. When writing, remember to treat everyone as equals. iii. Avoid words that stereotype by age. iv. Avoid words that typecast those with disabilities. 3. Writing Clear Sentences a. When writing, remember to write in clear sentences. i. Limit sentence content. 1. People typically prefer a simple sentence over a complex sentence. That is not to say that sometimes a sentence may need to be longer to demonstrate a point. ii. Economize on Words 1. When writing, try to effectively express your point in as few words as possible. 4. Writing Clear Paragraphs a. Writing clear sentences will lead to writing clear paragraphs. Using paragraphs will help readers understand the flow of your writing. i. Give paragraphs unity. 1. For each paragraph you write, stick to a single topic for unity and clarity. ii. Keep paragraphs short. 1. Like sentences, try to keep your paragraphs short. That is not to say that occasionally it might be necessary to have long paragraphs, it depends on the main idea of the paragraph. 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Current Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor.Docx free essay sample

Current Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor Improvement by Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter ABSTRACT In this paper the current harmonic can be compensated by using the Shunt Active Power Filter, Passive Power Filter and the combination of both. The system has the function of voltage stability, and harmonic suppression. The reference current can be calculated by dq transformation. An improved generalized integrator control was proposed to improve the performance of APF. The simulation results of the non- linear systems have been carried out with MATLAB 7. 6. 1. INTRODUCTION The growing use of electronic equipment produces a large mount of harmonics in the power distribution systems because of non-sinusoidal currents consumed by non-linear loads. Some of the examples for non-linear loads are diode-rectifiers, thyristor converters, adjustable speed drives, furnaces, computer power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, etc. Even though these devices are economical, flexible and en ergy efficient, they may degrade power quality by creating harmonic currents and consuming excessive reactive power. The above phenomena can cause many problems such as resonance, excessive neural currents, low power factor etc. Harmonic distortion in power distribution ystems can be suppressed using two approaches namely, passive and active powering. The passive filtering is the simplest conventional solution to mitigate the harmonic distortion. Although simple, the use passive elements do not always respond correctly to the dynamics of the power distribution systems. Over the years, these passive filters have developed to high level of sophistication. Some even tuned to bypass specific harmonic frequencies. Conventional passive filters consist of inductance, capacitance, and resistance elements configured and tuned to control the harmonics. The singletuned â€Å"notch† filter is the most common and economical ype of passive filter. The notch filter is connected in shunt with the power distribution system and is series-tuned to present low impedance to a particular harmonic current. Thus, harmonic currents are diverted from their normal flow path through the filter. Another popular type of passive filter is the high-pass filter (HPF). Passive LC filters are generally used to reduce these problems, but they have many de-merits such as its being bulk and heavy, and its resonance, tuning problem, fixed compensation, noise, increased losses, etc. On the contrary, the APF can solve the aforementioned problems and is often used to ompensate current harmonics and low power factor that is caused by non-linear loads. In an APF connection, it was roughly classified as in series (series APF) and in parallel (shunt APF). In this paper the combination of both passive power filter and Active power filter can be implemented to suppress the harmonics. 2. CONFIGURATION OF THE SYSTEM Fig. 1 shows a proposed system consisting of a Shunt active power filter and Passive filter. The purpose of using this combined system is to reduce the harmonics effectively. The power factor also improve d by using the combined system. Figure 1 Combination of shunt active filter and passive ilter The main circuit of the active filter is the PWM inverter using IGBT. The PWM inverter has a dc capacitance of 2000 ? F. 3. SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER 3. 1. Control Circuit of Shunt Active FilterThe overall control circuit of shunt active filter is shown in Figure 2 The Reference current is calculated by abc to dq transformation technique. The output of the reference current calculation in compared with the output of the shunt active filter, the error signal is given to the Improved Generalized integrator controller (IGIC). The pulses can be generated using PWM generator and given to the inverter to produce the compensating current. Figure 2 Overall control circuit of SAPF International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 10 3. 2 Reference Current Calculation The reference current can be calculated using the dq transformation technique. The load current is given to the abc to dq transformation module. The output is given to the block which is given by (1) The simulation diagram for reference current calculation is shown in Figure 3 The input of the reference current calculator is the load current. The load current is the combination of the harmonic current and the fundamental current. But the output of the reference urrent calculator is the fundamental current. Figure 3 Reference current calculation 3. 3 Improved generalised Integrator controller An improved generalized integrator control (IGIC) was proposed to increase the performance of harmonic suppression. IGIC is a PI controller used to eliminate error between the filter current and the harmonic current. It consists of several PI controller. Each controller is tuned to reduce the particular harmonics. The structure of Improved Generalized Integrator Controller (IGIC) is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 PI controller using the stationary-frame generalized integrators. SIMULATION RESULTS The simulation results are compared with the control method of Passive Power Filter, Active Power Filter and the combination of Passive Power Filter and Active Power Filter. 4. 1 Results For passive Power Filter The simulation diagram with Passive Power Filter is shown in Figure 4. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load and Passive Power Filter Figure 4 Simulation diagram with PPF Figure 5 shows the waveform of supply current before compensation. It consist of fundamental current as well as the harmonic current due to the non-linear load Figure 5 Supply current waveform –before compensation Figure 6 Spectrum analysis of supply current-Before compensation Fig. 6 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current before compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the Time(s) Amplitude [A] A] Harmonic order THD = 30. 44% 20 0 Mag [% of fundamental] International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 11 supply current is 30. 44%. Figure 7 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. It consist of fundamental current only. The harmonic current present in the supply current is eleminated by using the Passive Power Filter. Figure 7 Supply current waveform –after compensation sing PPF Figure 8 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 4. 10% from 30. 44%. Figure 8 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation using PPF 4. 2 Results For Shunt Active Power Filter The simulation diagram with shunt Active Power Filte r is shown in Figure 9. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load, shunt Active Power Filter and its control circuit. Figure 9 Simulation diagram with SAPF Figure 10 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. It consist of fundamental current only. The harmonic current present in the supply current is eleminated by using the Shunt Active Power Filter. The distortion present in the supply current is reduced when compared to PPF compensation Figure 10 Supply current waveform –after compensation using SAPF Figure 11 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 4. 85% from 30. 44% . Figure 11 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation using SAPF 4. 3 Results For the combination of shunt Active Power Filter and Passive Power Filter The simulation diagram with shunt Active Power Filter nd PPF is shown in Fig. 12. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load, Passive Power Filter, shunt Active Power Filter and its control circuit. Figure 12 simulation diagram with SAPF and PPF Harmonic order THD = 4. 96% 2. 5 0 Time(s) Time(s) Amplitude [A] Harmonic order THD = 4. 85% 3. 5 0 Mag [% of fundamental] Mag [% of fundamental] In ternational Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 12 Figure 13 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. The waveform is more sinusoidal when compared to other two techniques. Figure 13 Supply current waveform –after ompensation using SAPF and PPF Figure 14 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 1. 95% from 30. 44% Figure 14 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation uing SAPF and PPF 4. 4 Comparison of Results The numarical values of the harmonics are listed in table 1. The comparisons are made between before compensation, Shunt Active Filter and the combination of Shunt Active Power Filter and Shunt passive Filter. Table 1. Comparison of % of harmonics Harmonic order % of harmonics Before Compensation SAPF SAPF + PPF 3rd 4. 79 0. 70 0. 35 th 18. 91 3. 28 0. 96 7th 14. 24 2. 56 1. 10 9th 1. 16 0. 89 0. 74 11th 1. 66 1. 33 0. 11 13th 7. 75 1. 34 0. 45 Table 1 shows the comparison chart of harmonic order. The % of harmonics can be reduced in the combination of Shunt Active Filter and Passive Power Filter when compared to Passive Power Filter alone. For the comparison only even order harmonics only considered. The graphical representation of the values are shown in fig. 15. Figure 15 Graphical representation of harmonic order Table 2 shows the % of THD of PPF, SAPF and the combination of SAPF and PPF. When compared to all methods the % of THD can be reduced to1. 95% by the ombination of the two methods. Table 2. Comparison of % of THD SYSTEM % of THD Before compensation 30. 44 Passive Power Filter 4. 96 Shunt Active Power Filter 4. 85 Combination of Shunt Active power Filter and Passive power Filter 1. 95 Table 3. Comparison of Power factor SYSTEM POWER FACTOR Passive Power Filter 0. 9218 Shunt Active Power Filter 0. 9547 Combination of Shunt Active power Filter and Passive 0. 9554 Time (s) Amplitude [A] Harmonic order THD = 1. 95% 1. 2 0 Mag [% of fundamental] International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 13 power Filter As listed in table 3 the power factor also mproved to 0. 9554 when compared to other two methods. Table 4. System parameters SYSTEM PARAMETERS VALUES Source impedance R=0. 5 ohm L=1 mH Load R=10. 6 ohm L=58. 2 mH PPF C= 625 ? F L= 20. 17 mH SAPF R=0. 001 ohm L=3. 5mH Table 4 gives the system parameters of the simulation system. 5. CONCLUSION The system of Passive power Filter, Shunt Active Power Filter and the combination of Passive power Filter and Shunt Active Power Filter is proposed in this work. Improved generalised Integrator controller is proposed here. When compared to the three methods the combination of Passive power Filter and Shunt Active Power Filter is efficient for harmonic suppression and power factor improvement. By this method the % of THD can be reduced to 1. 95 and the power factor is increased to 0. 9554. 6. REFERENCES [1] An Luo, Zhikang Shuai, Wenji Zhu, and Z. John Shen,† Combined System for Harmonic Suppression and Reactive Power Compensation† IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, no. 2, February 2009. [2] C. K. Duffey and R. P. Stratford, Update of Harmonic Standard IEEE-5 19: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Supply Systems. IEEE Trans. IAS, pp. 1025-1034, Nov/Dec. 1989. [3] J. -C. Wu, H. -L. Jou, and Y. -T. Feng, â€Å"Novel circuit topology for three-phase active Power filter,† IEEE Trans. Power Del. , vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 444–449, Jan. 2007. [4] S Z. Shuai, A. Luo, R. Fan et al, â€Å"Injection branch design of injection type hybrid active power filter,† Autom. Elect. Power Syst. , vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 57–60, Jun. 2007 [5] M. H. Abdel-Rahman, F. M. H. Youssef, and A. A. Saber, â€Å"New static var compensator control strategy and coordination with under-load tap changer,† IEEE Trans. Power Del. , vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1630–1635 Jul. 2006 [6] X. Yuan, W. Merk, H. Stemmler et al. , Stationaryframe generalized integrators for current control of ctive power filters with zero steady-state error for current harmonics of concern under unbalanced and distorted operating conditions,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. , vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 523–532, Mar. /Apr. 2002. [7] Q . Tan,W. Li, L. Chang, and H. Huang, â€Å"A hybrid neuro-fuzzy syst em For robot control,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. 21st Century, 1995, pp. 2916–2921. [8] Z. Chengyong, L. Xiangdong, and L. Guangkai, â€Å"Parameters Optimization of VSC-HVDC control system based on simplex algorithm,† in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, 2007, pp. 1–7. [9] C. K. Duffey and R. P. Stratford, Update of Harmonic Standard IEEE-519: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Supply Systems. IEEE Trans. IAS, pp. 1025- 1034, Nov/Dec. 1989. [10] Hirofumi Akagi, Fellow,. â€Å"New trends in active filter for power conditioning†, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, Vol 32, no6. November/December 1996. [11] K. -K. Shyu, M. -J. Yang, Y. -M. Chen, and Y. -F. Lin, â€Å"Model reference adaptive control design for a shunt active-power-filter system,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 97–106, Jan. 2008. [12] L. Malesani, L. Rossetto, and P. Tenti, â€Å"Active filter for reactive power and harmonics compensation,†in Proc. IEEE PESC’86, 1986, pp. 321–330. [13] T. M. Rowan and R. J. Kerkman, â€Å"A new synchronous current regulator and an analysis of current regulated PWM inverters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat. , vol. IA-22, pp. 678–690, July/Aug. 1986. [14] S. A. Gonzalez, R. Garcia-Retegui, and M. Benedetti, â€Å"Harmonic computation technique suitable for active power filters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2791–2796, Oct. 2007. [15] K. M. Cho,W. S. Oh, Y. T. Kim, and H. J. Kim, â€Å"A new switching strategy for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 330–337, Feb. 2007.

Organizational Design Article Analysis

In her article, Sheila Creth highlights the importance of a networked organization, particularly in the modern higher education environment. She notes that there is need for organizations to maximally utilize their members of staff to successfully run the operations. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Design Article Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Creth gives an example of networking between libraries and information technology services for a progressive transition to the future. The article further argues that the first decade of the 21st century was to be a challenging period for colleges and universities in their quest to review the mission and services without compromising the quality of services and traditions. In the process of redesigning the organizations, according to Creth, administrators will be expected to make tough decisions when it comes to strategic planning and re source allocation. Creth emphasizes the fact that administrators in nonacademic core operations like information technology services and libraries are the most affected by the changes compared with their academic counterparts. Several approaches that can be used by the administrators are identified by the author and recommended for use in addressing the challenges. She observes that how the administrators choose to run their organizations is crucial for effective utilization of available resources. The peculiar experiences of a given organization play a central role in the selection of a particular design. However, general trends of redesigning organizations especially in higher education are highlighted by the author. According to the author, organizational culture is very influential in the design of any given organization. These include the peculiar characteristics and traditions that define the organization. She suggests, and I strongly agree with her, that administrators and s takeholders should consider the structures and processes that promise to work within the local organizational environment. The next consideration for the administrators is organization structure and processes. Organization structure refers to how the various responsibilities are assigned to the various units and departments with an aim of accomplishing given tasks. Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, organization processes involve the understanding of interactions, relationships, knowledge, and experiences among people in an organization. The human component in organization processes distinguishes it from organization structure. However, according to the author, they are closely related trends crucial in ensuring effective organization design. Organization processes aim to foster a process of team work through enhancing responsiveness and vitality in a given organization. Despite individual differences in opinion and philosophy, people in an organization are expected to cultivate a team process that will keep the organization operating at its best and in line with stated goals. This will greatly determine the future design of any given organization. Another crucial trend in an organization identified by Creth is networking. Networked organizations promote effective working relationships among the components of an organization; structure and processes. People in different units and departments are expected to interact freely as they share their relevant expertise. Through this trend, many organizations have become highly decentralized in most of its operations and decision making. The author identifies the requirements in a networked organization like personal discipline, good communication skills and spirit of teamwork. With the current advancement in information, communication and technology, I concur with Creth that thes e are crucial characteristics that will help transform organizations and design them for the better. It is apparent that there is need to consider organizational design as a way of attaining significant developments in productivity as well as the quality of services rendered by any given organization. This is because organization design is the best way towards addressing and overcoming the challenges that may be experienced. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Design Article Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organization design will go a long way in facilitating the quest for new, timelier, and high quality services, as well as in the production of new products. The future of organizational design, if well managed, is bright and will result in increased efficiency in productivity and fulfillment of stated mission. This research paper on Organizational Design Article Analysis was written and submitted by user Pastel Parr0t to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.