Black on Black Violence Essay

Black on black violence has been on the rise in the recent years. 1 in 146 black males are at risk of violent death, whereas the ratio for white men is 1 in 189. What do we mean by â€Å"Black on Black crime? † It may be described as anytime a Black person inflicts violent harm on another Black person. The effects of this violence in the Black community are tremendous. Violence is very much part of what it means to be Black in America. Another issue in America is putting the wrong people on death row. Most of the time it is just to a guilty verdict so the prosecutor’s family can move on. This is exactly what happened in the case of Walter McMillian who was accused and found guilty of murdering a Ronda Morrison by gunshot. In this passage I will explain some of the black on black violence seen in America, talk about some of the excerpts from Les Payne and Glenn Loury’s argument, and explain McMillians trial plus the racial inequality he experienced. Jesse Jackson once said in order to have a safer living environment you â€Å"must get the guns off the streets†. It was said that in LA County that African-Americans have a 1/29 chance of being murdered while whites are only a 1/186 chance. So why are blacks at such a greater risk than whites? One explanation can be the black on black violence that is occurring in our society today. Of the violence that blacks do use it has been reported that 94% of it is used on other black peoples. Early on in life is where the kids look up to their peers and want to do what they do and act how they act. And this sole factor is the reason the violence in communities is on the rise. The role models in these young black kids’ lives are often drug dealers or gang members and this can be attractive to the youth. They see all the material items these dealers and gang members have and they want it too. But what these children do not understand is the means that these older role models obtain these goods. A woman named Mary Ross is a member of LA County and she said you have to fight in order to make it in these poorer neighborhoods. She said that she applied for a job and so did a white woman. Mary claims that the white girl got the job just because of the color of her skin and not the skills she would bring to the job. So she feels the only way to live her life is by stealing and robbing from others. When she does fight Mary says she will not stop until she sees a lot of blood. Currents TV also interviewed her husband Anthony Carter. He says that there is anger on the streets that leads to this violence and that there is a lack of opportunity and blatant discrimination on the community’s part. The vast majority of the people living in poor neighborhoods are law abiding citizens but because of where they live they are sucked into the violence. Frankie Lee Randolph, a 24 year old, was one of these law abiding citizens who was caught in the cross fire of a violent black community. He was in the service, had a good job and a good family but one day he was just stabbed to death for no apparent reason. These families who do obey the law want police protection but not the police brutality they see often. Being poor and having low self-esteem could lead to a lot of the violence and anger in those communities. It seems the higher up you are in society the more informed decisions you make. The people in poorer black communities feel as if their lives are being attacked so they need weapons for protection. They are surrounded by violence so you need to be prepared for the unexpected. The people of these neighborhoods feel as if they need to take action before the action comes at them. Then and only then do they feel like they are in control. Experiencing violence increases the likelihood that a person will use violence against someone else later. So violence in the community is like a snowball rolling down a hill in an avalanche, getting larger as it goes along, sweeping up more and more in its path. Violence is a self-perpetuating problem. Next, the Currents TV switched into an interview with Glenn Loury and Les Payne. Loury brought up the issue of blacks choosing their own destinies while Payne brought up the issue of a psychic genocide. Loury said that blacks can educate themselves and make their own lives better; it was their personal responsibility. He says we need to give them the means but also lead them down the right path. There is more weight on protecting the majority of the law abiding citizens and more effort to help the violent minority. Loury then goes on to say that behavior and home life lead to this violence and people make their own choices, whether they be good or bad ones. He basically sums up his arguments by stating the black communities need to advance their own interests and to get their act together and take care of yourself and who you take care of. Les Payne began his argument by explaining to us that black are made to feel inferior to the white race; what he calls a psychic genocide. How are these kids going to get educated? That is an American problem. It is a public problem for this country. There isn’t any shortcut to it. There’s no easy answer to it. Payne states that black life is becoming cheapened and there is a very fine line from those who are successful and those who are not. He then says that drugs are destroying the community when they are being brought in. Drugs lead to violence, mistrust within the community, and a lack of supervision on the streets. It’s got to deal with the laws, the institutions that influence our people. We have to talk about it as an American community. Finally, I will touch upon the case involving Walter McMillian. It was alleged that McMillian went into a cleaners and robbed and murdered the clerk there, 18 year old Ronda Morrison. McMillian says he was at home doing a fish fry that day. The arrest came after seven months where police had no leads at all until Ralph Myers, a white man with a long criminal record, came forward. He was arrested for the murder of another young woman in Alabama. Meyers was interrogated about Ronda Morrison’s murder and eventually stated that Walter McMillian, a 46-year-old black man from Monroe County, had killed Ronda. Two other witnessed corroborated parts of Myerss story. Meyers described the way the body was positioned and supposedly gave strong details about the scene of the crime. But investigators said that his testimony was wrong and that the body was never moved because there was a distinct dust on the floor that was undisturbed. There were no finger prints, ballistics, and no physical evidence whatsoever. Meyers stated that he drove McMillian’s truck to the store and then began hearing popping sounds from inside. Meyers then went inside and saw McMillian over the body with money in his hands. The state needed a corroborator for Meyers’ statement to hold up by law. Bill Hooks was this man. He said he drove by and saw McMillian get in passenger side at cleaners with Meyers as driver. Hooks knew it was his truck because his truck had been lowered. McMillian said it could not have been his because he got his truck lowered six months after the murder took place. Plus McMillian and a friend both said that it could not have been his because his truck had no transmission in it, so it was not even able to start. Defense lawyers said that Hooks got assistance from the cops for the incriminating statement. This assistance included getting released from jail, having his charges dropped, and $5,000. Near the end of the trial prosecutors brought up the issue of McMillian â€Å"running around† with a white woman. McMillian was sentenced to death row for six years before being released after the truth came to light. There were many issues of racism and inequality during the investigation and trial. First of which was the false statement given by the three witnesses. Prosecutors told him his testimony would give him a reduced sentence. DA Chapman indicted Meyer’s based on perjury where he gave a false statement while being in oath. Witnesses who had testified against McMillian admitted that they had committed perjury. Next there was the fact that there was no evidence that would incriminate McMillian at all. No physical evidence, no fingerprints, and no ballistic reports. It was as if the court just wanted to find someone to place the blame. All they had was the testimony of three individuals. More often than not this would not be enough for a trial, but because of the implications, murder of white woman and alleged killing of a black man, it was enough for Alabama courts to try. McMillian later said that he was convicted because he was with a white woman and because his son also married a white woman. In addition, it became clear that the prosecution had hidden exculpatory evidence, including the existence of a witness who had seen the victim alive after the time at which the prosecution contended the crime had occurred. The defense asked that the trial be moved from Monroe County because of all the publicity surrounding the case. The judge agreed to move the trial from Monroe County to Baldwin County, which had a substantially smaller percentage of black people in its population. There was also the fact that the jury in the trial recommended a life sentence for McMillian but the judge overruled this recommendation and sentenced him to death. McMillan said he never doubted his innocence would come to light, but when asked whether he has faith in the justice system, he responded: â€Å"No. Not at all. â€Å"

Lady Anne Essay

In Richard the third, there are many different female characters that are put in contrast to men. The audience is aware of their presence and effect on the men in the play. In this essay the four main female characters will have a character analysis and viewing scenes when women overcome men or either the men make them look vulnerable. The traditional view of men was that they were Dominant, strong, brave, owner and Lord of all that he possessed. The traditional view of women was the object of possession, weak, obedient and homely. They were taught to stay at home, cook for the husband and bring up the children, also to generally do everything in her power to look beautiful for her husband. Men were expected to go out and work, to bring in money to bring up his family, to treat his wife as he saw fit and to be the master of the house. Shakespeare’s time is actually different to Richard the thirds time, however the view on women is still the same. However, ironically some of the strongest monarchs that England has seen have been women. This shows that although times change, women can still prove to be just as strong as the men. Such as, Bodica who lead her Viking troops into war and defeated the Romans many times. Elizabeth the first was also a very strong monarch in Shakespeare’s time. That time was a patriarchal society, so men, who could influence the characters in Richard the third, dominated it. Women are seen as the victims. However, the longest reigning monarch is Victoria who reigned for 60 years. This demonstrates long life, strength in war and battle, and also strength of mind in many situations. Shakespeare’s female characters have been demonstrated as weak. Such as Lady Macbeth. When she knows she has to murder another human, she calls â€Å"unsex me now†, which would demonstrate her needing to lose her traditional feminine self and caring characteristics to enable her to do such a deed. She has been subverted to the patriarchal society. Another female character that Shakespeare’s written of, is Hero in Much ado about nothing. She plays a weak character that the male villains set up a plot against her in front of her betrothed and other male witnesses. The plot is then announced in front of her whole family and household. She is disgraced and Claudio will not marry her. In order to prove her innocence, she has to deceive all of her household until her innocence is found when she can truly step back into society. However, a very strong character is shown in the same play. Beatrice is a strong minded, outspoken and somewhat swaggering. Especially in her responses when Benedict challenges her, a male character that mirrors her perfectly. If the play were not set in such a loving family environment, she would not be accepted as an honorable wife or possession. How the story ends is her strong character is just a front, and she loses it when she falls in love with her reflective character, as she does not feel threatened anymore. In Richard the third, there are many female characters that reflect Shakespeare’s views on females. The first character analysis is of Lady Anne: She is a woman in control and shows this in the first sexual scene when Richard seduces her. She is shown up at first as weak. She is walking behind the coffin of her dead father; this shows that the strong male in her life is no longer there to support her. She is also in mourning and very vulnerable as she could be bewildered about her emotions. Richard knows this and so he makes sure it is used to his advantage. Everything he says to try and woe her though, she throws back at him. Line 50 Act 1 scene2 â€Å"Foul devil [†¦ ] trouble us not† and on Line 70 â€Å"villain, [†¦ ] no beast so fierce. These are insults thrown at Richard to make it seem like she does not care for his compliments and this male character will not knock her down. She represents female characters as strong in this scene, even if it is just a front to protect her from the exposed position she finds herself in. However, Richard always replies with a compliment in order to woe her and targets her vanity. This works and she shows that she is helpless when she is flattered by comments like†¦ Line 49 act 1 scene 2 â€Å"Sweet saint [†¦ ] be not so curst. † Here, Richard is deluding her whilst aiming at her weakness as he does with each of his victims in different ways. The significance that she is a woman is important because it demonstrates her as being a specific target that he is weakening.

Evidence Based Nursing Essay

INTRODUCTION Evidence Based Nursing or EBN is an approach to making quality decisions and providing nursing care based upon personal clinical expertise in combination with the most current,relevent research available. It is also known as evidence based practice. It is a thoughtful integration of the best available evidence coupled with the clinical expertise. TERMINOLOGIES Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines:- Specific practice recommendations that are based on a methodologically rigorous review of the best evidence on a specific topic. Evidence Based Decision Making:- The integration of the best research evidence in making decisions about patient care, which should include the clinician’s expertise as well as patient preferences and values. Evidence Based Practice (EBP):- A problem solving approach to practice that involves the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. Evidence Summaries:- Synthesis of studies, systematic literature review.Generalizability:- The extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized or applied to the larger population. DEFINITION Evidence Based Practice [EBP] is a problem solving approach to the delivery of health care that integrates the best evidence from studies and patient care data with clinician expertise and patient preferences and values. [Fineout-Overhott, E-2010] â€Å"Evidence Based Nursing is the incorporation of the best research evidence along with patient preferences the clinical settings and circumstances and health care resources into decisions about patient care† [Ciliska & Donna, 2006] â€Å"Evidence Based Nursing Practice is the conscientious , explicit and judicious use of theory derived, research base information in making decisions about care delivery to individuals or groups of patients and in consideration of individual needs and preferences† [Ingersoll, 2000] AIMS OF EPB To do the right thing,at the right time, for the right person, ensure quality care for client. PURPOSE Evidence based practice is to provide the highest quality and most cost effective nursing care possible. To advance quality of care provided by nurses To resolve problems in clinical settings To increases satisfaction of patient To focus on nursing practice away from habits& tradition to evidence and research IMPORTANCE OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE It results in better patient outcomes. It contributes to the science of nursing. It keep practice current and relevant. It increases confidence in decision making. Policies and procedures are current and include the latest research, these supporting JCAHO readiness. Integration of EPB into nursing practice is essential for high quality patient care and achievement. COMPONENTS OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE Key elements of a best practice culture are evidence based practice mentors, partnerships between academic and clinical settings, EPB champions, clearly written research, time and resources and administration support. When delivered in a context of caring and in a supportive organizational culture, evidence based practice can help to achieve the higher quality of care and best patient outcomes. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE Primary sources of evidence:- These draw on original research findings. These sources include reports and articles about research. Secondary sources of evidences:- These draw on a range of source informing the topic of concern including. Systematic review Meta analysis Evidence based journals Clinical guidelines or protocols Cochrane collaboration Expertise opinion STEPS OF EBN Formulating a well built question Identifying articles and other evidence based resources Critical Appraisal Applying the evidence Re-evaluating the evidence Formulating the question:- A well built clinical question includes the following components The Patient’s disorder or disease Intervention or finding under review A Comparison intervention The Outcome [PICO] Applying PICO is a systematic way to identify important concepts in a case, and formulate a question for searching. Identifying Resources After successfully formulating the clinical question we need to find relevant evidence. There are generally three categories of resources. Background information Filtered resources Unfiltered resources Background information:- This category contains resources that provide background information about various disease conditions and clinical questions. Resources include upto date and other e-books such as diagnostic examination, current diagnosis, treatment. Filtered Resources:- In fitted resources, clinical experts and subject specialists pose a question and then synthesize evidence to state conclusions based on the available research. Unfiltered Resources:- It is up to you to access the resources quality, validity and applicability to your patient. Critical Appraisal:- When approaching a study, you want to know weather it was alone well, what the results were and weather it is relevant to your patients. After identifying an article you must appraise the information critically. Applying the evidence Once you have determined that the study and its results are valid, you used to decide if it is applied to your specific patient and situation. To reach your conclusion you may consult questions related to diagnosis, therapy, harm and prognosis. Apply the evidence in the clinical setting. Re-evaluating evidence:- Last step in evidence based practice. It is reevaluation. In tis process evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of your decision in direct relation to your patient.

Case Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Commentary - Essay Example The bone of contention was that while domestic companies were allowed to set their own individual baselines, the foreign companies were not allowed to set their own baselines and had to comply with those established by the Act.12 The US government argued that while it was possible to evaluate the small number of domestic companies compliance with the Act based on their baselines, using the same approach for foreign companies that were more in number would place an unjustified quantitative pressure on the Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The statutory baselines for the foreign companies were, therefore, necessary to allow EPA function. They further argued that the Act was absolutely necessary and in compliance with Article XX for human health protection, clean air and conservation of exhaustible natural resources. This case was unique in that while it pursued the greater environmentalist goals, it was based on trade disputes thus its arbitration by the WTO appellate body was justified.34 On 24th January 1995, Venezuela requested a WTO address while Brazil did the same on 10th April 1995. The two countries alleged that the US Clean Air Act discriminated against their rights and violated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Articles 1 and 3, and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Article 2. On 10th April 1995, a panel was set up to review the complaints and evidence presented by Venezuela. The panel was finally formulated on 26th April 1995. Upon a request from Brazil, a third panel was set up on 19th June 1995 to specifically review Brazilian complaints and evidence. On 31st may 1995 it was decided that the two panels reviewing Venezuelan and Brazilian evidences and complaints be coalesced into a single panel. The decision to coalesce the two panels was reached in accordance with Article 9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).56 The panel concluded its review and

Case 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case 1 - Assignment Example Social technologies in particular, can be associated to social networking such as Facebook and Twitter; social media like YouTube, Scribd, and Flickr; and social relevance that covers all the methods of expressing opinion through online. These technologies substantially contribute to all aspects of an organization especially in terms of generating revenue into a much broader scope of marketing. The most significant point to consider, however, is that social technologies play a crucial role in creating a continuous conversation and relationship with the company’s members, as well as in achieving growth and development. Thus, it is essential to establish an organizational voice to promote the marketing environment of a business, and such voice can be done by utilizing various tools in social technologies and other channels including the print media. In doing so, this would lead to building a good reputation for a company to transact business with the experts in an industry. More over, it is strongly advisable to use crowd-sourcing and provide more sources of information to maximize Internet readership, which allows the company to have less expenses but more creativity. Social technology, therefore, presents an opportunity of changing a chaotic business environment into one that can be easily managed. CRITIQUE â€Å"Social Technology: The Next Frontier† - Scott Klososky In this modern age, social technologies are highly influential in people’s daily lives and in the ongoing operations of the business environment. With the evolution of the Internet, the scientific innovation of products and services has offered much convenience and reliability in responding to the needs and demands of the present society. Indeed, the tools used in social technologies are one of the most innovative applications of doing things that are beyond human capacity to some extent. Not only do individuals are able to maximize the benefits of these technologies but more es pecially for businesses that allow them to raise their revenues and improve their productivity, efficiency, and creativity. In fact, the dominance of social media has affected most organizations to establish good relations and constant communication with its surrounding community, as well as with its members. Klososky (2012, p. 50) noted that as the massive influence of the social tool box is rapidly increasing, the relevance of various applications in social technologies has prompted the majority of learning how to use these tools. As for the business and its competitors, they will use their knowledge of these tools for their own advantage and for the benefit of sustaining their strategic position in the market. Given that the social media is spanning across diverse market groups, any corporate organization should be able to cope with the current trend in technology. In one way or another, they can incorporate the use of social media and networking in their marketing strategies if sustainability and building a good reputation are deemed valuable. As an opinion, social media is becoming so important mainly because the frequent usage of the internet has created a well-structured functioning in the delivery of products and services to a number of individuals and organizations. According to Rand (2013, cited in Goudreau 2013), social media are highly important to have a

Sign Language in Spain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Sign Language in Spain - Research Paper Example At any rate, while these individuals may still find communication to be a chore at times, it is still more or less manageable for them. On the other hand, those who have been deaf since early childhood or even birth have a much harder time getting by in society. Since they have never been able to hear, they will be unlikely to be capable of producing anything more than inarticulate groans, moans and other sounds. Thus, in order to alleviate their difficulty, there are those throughout the years who have come up with sign language. And of course, there have also been those throughout the years who have succeeded in their chosen field in spite of their disability, mainly thanks to sign language. One of the most well-known examples of this is Helen Keller, who managed to become a celebrated author in spite of being both deaf and blind (Bauman 7). Sign language has existed since deaf people have been around. Various studies have allowed important individuals to develop new systems of sign languages based on the local sign languages being used. The establishment of teaching institutions that focuses on educating the deaf and mute with Sign Language has allowed the development of a standardized sign language system. Although standardized, a sign language may still have variations in dialects based on the region and cultural differences. A sign language uses visual sign patterns to transmit meanings instead of acoustic patterns. It uses hand shapes as well as well as facial expressions and body movements that convey specific meanings. Sign Language is known to have started where deaf people exist. It is comprised of gestures, finger spelling, and signs that could represent words or complete thoughts.

How can the hotel Marriott Management Board implement ecological Research Paper

How can the hotel Marriott Management Board implement ecological strategies in order to comply with sustainable development - Research Paper Example ervation in the form of green construction, conservation of rainforests, saving water and spending money on projects that help in sustainability of the environment. Recently, Marriott hotels have upgraded and replaced equipment to improve efficiency which was a successful idea as efficiency improved by over 22% in 2010. Marriott Hotels invested millions of dollars in a water conservation program which offered water treatment and process improvement within the company. Marriott also came up with a partnership based project that promoted energy and water conservation by making management systems of laundry more efficient using the most powerful and expensive equipment in order to make sure it doesn’t waste scarce energy sources. Marriott is also attempting to help expand recycling and food decomposition facilities all over the U.S.A. The purpose is to save scarce resources and use them wherever and whenever possible. Other than this, Marriott is also working on promoting sustainable tourism in collaboration with the World Travel and Tourism Council. Marriott is also providing training and development as well as guidance for research being conducted on sustainability. Marriott is also working with the Global Business Travel Association to work for a sustainable environment for the industry. Hence, the main concern for Marriott Hotels is to save energy, water, resources and carbon for which it has been undertaking many projects like these to help save the ecological environment (Marriott Sustainability Report, 2010; Enz, 2009; Snell & Bohlander, 2012). A very interesting concept introduced by Marriott Hotels recently was that of Green Buildings known as the Leeds ((Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) program which aimed at reducing wastage of resources by 25%. The outlook of these Hotels is also ‘Green†- The Green Hotel Prototype. In March 2010, Marriott Hotels participated in conservation of energy by celebrating earth hour. They did this by

Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments Assignment

Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments - Assignment Example They are funded by big companies and sometimes by research agencies. These experiments have however, more often than not, been counter-productive as they fail to understand the basic fact that humans and animals have very different bodies. Drugs may thus not be safe for humans while they are safe for animals and vice-versa. This leads to disastrous consequences where both animal and human lives are lost due to the side-effects on the bodies of both. The basic purpose of the experiments remains unfulfilled and many lives are lost in the process. The issue has also been dealt from the angle of the ethical treatment of animals, in the article. It argues against the use of animals in scientific and medical experiments. Instead, it proposes the use of other techniques that would be able to predict the effects of drugs on human beings. The loss of animal and human lives can thus be minimized, leading to a more harmonious existence for the whole of mankind. This would lead man to treat anim als as friends and not as objects for scientific research (Killing Animals and Humans). Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments â€Å"Killing Animals and Humans†, an article that appears on the website of the organization Animal Aid talks about how the entire process of killing animals for the benefit of human beings is a futile exercise. ... The reason that is provided for the insensitive slaughter of these animals is the development of drugs that may be used for the treatment of diseases in human beings. The article hints that the humanitarian side of the debate is often overshadowed by the financial aspect of it. The reason for this may be that these experiments are often funded by big firms and research institutions that have their own lobbies. The article reveals in great detail, the different methods that are used to torture animals and the inhumanity of such an approach. The article also exposes the flaws in the legislative structures of nations across the world where atrocities against animals are often not taken very seriously. The essay also busts the myth about the utility of these experiments to the human race. It cites examples of lives that have been lost as a result of these experiments. As opposed to the common perception that these experiments lead to the loss of only animal lives, it also leads to the lo ss of human lives. These experiments often overlook the fact that animals and humans may not react in the same manner to the same drugs. The different effects that these drugs produce have led to many mistakes in the field of medicine, something that is the public is often not aware of. The essay talks of how medicines that have worked on animals that are as close to the human race as chimpanzees has failed completely on humans. An administration of these drugs to humans without proper research into the human anatomy would always lead to disaster, according to the article. As a result of these mindless experiments, thus, no purpose is fulfilled except the deaths of many humans and animals. The article, as a means of a solution, proposes a paradigm shift in the way experiments

Computer Training Program at Fortis Hospital Assignment

Computer Training Program at Fortis Hospital - Assignment Example This has resulted in the increasing numbers of the customer complaints regarding the services of the help desk. This kind of services is not at all expected from the super luxury hospital like Fortis, Bangalore. in issue is tarnishing the image of the organization. I feel staffs of the help desk need training or development program for mitigating this issue permanently. My instructional strategy will be direct. In this training program I will directly train all the staffs related with the help desk of the hospital. The training will be done in shift wise, one shift will start from the 10.30 in the morning and will continue till 1 pm in the afternoon and the second shift will start from the 2 pm and will continue up to 4.30 pm. The whole training program will be held in the IT wing of the hospital. During the course of the training Power Point presentation will be used and all the practical demonstrations will be done with the help of computers. Each and every staffs will be given one computers where they can practice all their technical demonstrations. The cost of the training will be reasonable (Beardwell and Claydon, 2010). Power point presentation and projector will not cost high amount of money for the organization. Photo copy of the training material will be given to each and every staff of the help desk. This training program will continue for three days. At the end of the third day a simple evaluation will be done for assessing the outcome of the training. The whole training procedure will be conducted in a supportive and cooperative manner. All the staffs of the help desk are the audiences for this training program. Here all the staffs are adult and have minimum of 2 years of working experiences related with this field.

Directing Melodrama. Specifically. The Play Lady Audley's Secret Research Proposal

Directing Melodrama. Specifically. The Play Lady Audley's Secret - Research Proposal Example But when her real face is disclosed before the audience it is an unexpected shock for them. This novel was later converted into drama by many playwrights. This is a typical melodrama and while converting it into the play the director should adapt the story according to the requirement of the features of melodrama and for that he has to have the knowledge of the genre called melodrama. I have already mentioned above that this novel is a subtle. It is so because it includes an appalling conspiracy orchestrated by a very innocent looking Victorian lady. This conspiracy is both hidden and injurious. It is a subtle novel also because it is difficult to understand the psyche of the protagonist. Her character is complex to analyze. She is villainess but we cannot deny the fact that her circumstance has made her to be villainess. The term sensation novel was widely practiced in the 1860. The term was basically used for the fictions written with surprise and shock. The term can be traced back to the novel Dion Boucicault by Colleen Bawn. It was literally stuffing middle class audience into the Adelphi Theatre in 1860. This novel was full of mystery, action, and emotions which are the special characteristics of the melodrama. Many of these features of the melodrama passed into the sensational novels, like Wilkie Collins’ â€Å"The woman in white† (1860), Dickens â€Å"Great Expectations† (1860-61), and Mary Elizabeth Braddons â€Å"Lady Audley’s Secret.† The plays were adapted from this novel by many playwrights. Among them are George Robert (1863), William Suiter(1863), Tom Taylor (1865), Henry Dunbar (America, 1866), There are ten major characters which include Lady Audley, Sir Michael Audley, Robert Audley (his nephew), George Talboys, Luke Marks, Bibbles, Alicia (Sir Michael’s daughter), Phoebe Marks, and a servant Martin. The stage version of this novel is quite different where the protagonist, Lucy

Historical document analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical document analysis - Essay Example e for lower taxes and so on, during the great deal people espoused an increased role of government, which could act to ensure the welfare of less fortunate people, serve as a safety net, regulate the rules of the economic game, and ensure that everyone could live a life of dignity and have a chance at happiness. This week’s readings demonstrate that the dynamics of today’s recession have been fundamentally a part of American politics for almost a century. Though all three documents show some degree of recognition that the previous function of the American economy had become untenable, and that some new actions must take place to protect the poor and those with less control over their economic destiny, they also show a repeating, recognizable pattern that has continued to this day – a left which elected a president on the hopes of broadly redistributing wealth, a president that had to back off of his initial promise for pragmatic reasons and thus anger his own con stituents, and a right outraged by the entire process, glumly acknowledging that perhaps a social safety net was necessary, but calling any real redistribution of wealth socialism and anti-American. One of the most remarkable things upon reading these three texts is the fact that Roosevelt, even while still simply campaigning for president rather than actually being president, seemed very conscious of his place in history, and of the requirements of pragmatism that holding the presidency would entail. Instead of opening his speech with the kind of emotional call to action that can be so common in election year campaigning, Roosevelt opens with a somewhat dry recitation of presidential history, invoking Jefferson’s famous duel with Maddison over the role of the government (165). So even before becoming president, Roosevelt was conscious of the way history might view him and his actions, and was conscious of the pragmatic demands of his office. This led to his criticism of the financial system,

Summary Paper Essay Example for Free

Summary Paper Essay In a May 22, 2011 article Why are so many students still failing online? the author, Rob Jenkins, argues the difference between online and on-campus classes. There is a problem with students failing online classes, but I believe that hybrid classes should be the primary choice. Jenkins mentioned that online classes are a better choice, but not with all classes. Jenkins asks, Can we agree that none of us would want to be operated on by surgeons who received all of their medical training online?† Online classes have their limits, but also have more conveniences. For example, Jenkins states that For students who arent able to attend college in the traditional way, good enough, can be a godsend. They are less costly and the enrollment rate is higher than on-campus courses. Online courses seem to be the future according to Jenkins. On the other hand, I disagree because the problem of students failing online classes exists because of the success rates. Online classes have a lower rate because classes such as speech should be taken in a traditional classroom instead of online. Some professors tried to have the students do their speeches on their own time but video tape them and send them to the professor to watch and evaluate. While this idea seems to work, I still believe that online courses such as this one are better taken in the classroom than online. Jenkins argues in a department meeting that faculty members should use the same principal as entry level on-campus classes and have students take an entrance exam to see if they score high enough to be able to take them successfully. The administrators told Jenkins that it more than likely wouldnt happen. Jenkins is in a working progress of getting the online class success rate up higher and making it a majority of the community college life. However, while Jenkins plan may succeed, I still believe that it is the wrong choice. Every college course is beneficial in some way or another, and almost all of them bring up questions throughout the semester that would be better answered in a classroom setting. The students would get more out of asking in class than through email. Again, in my opinion, I think campus classes should be the majority of the college life.

Are networks important to entrepreneurs when starting new business

Are networks important to entrepreneurs when starting new business In this essay, I have chosen to write a report about why networks are important to entrepreneurs when starting a business. In this essay, I will analyse and describe the use of social relations in the business establishment process, and the benefits behind networks in entrepreneurship. I will write this essay using my findings in books, articles, newspapers and the internet. I will try to not only produce a logical argument concerning why networks are important, but try and apply theories to back up my view and points. I will also use my personal understandings of why networks are important to entrepreneurs, but reflecting understandings and knowledge I gained by interviewing an entrepreneur. Main Body An entrepreneur is an individual who has a new idea, or enterprise who accepts the financial risks to capitalising on that idea and undertakes a new financial venture. The word entrepreneur derives from the French language, which applies to any individual who is starting a new project or business. (Hisrich, Peters, Shepherd, 2006). To some economists, an entrepreneur is someone who is willing to take the risks of starting a new business if there is an opportunity for them to make profit out of the idea. The concept of entrepreneurship was first created in the 1700s, and the meaning has evolved ever since. There are hundreds of different theories and explanations for defining entrepreneurship. However, all economists and business academics agree entrepreneurs posses behaviours like: initiative taking, the structuring and restructuring of social and economic social mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account and lastly the acceptance of risk or failure (Hisrich, Pe ters, Shephard 2006). My definition of an entrepreneur is someone who has an idea, and the idea progresses from just being an idea, to becoming a passion, something that an entrepreneur would sacrifice a lot to see succession in. So why are networks important to entrepreneurs? People usually develop relationships with people like themselves. Athletes develop ties with other athletes, wealthy people develop ties with other wealthy people, and educated people develop ties with other educated people. Its part of our nature, we tend to be attracted to those who are similar to us. So what is the reason for this? Perhaps we feel more comfortable when around those who are similar to us? I believe the answer is yes. Socially similar people, even when competing against each other, spend time in the same locations, which cause relationships to occur (Swedberg, 2000). Having a large network range matters. People with larger contact networks gain better paying positions than people with smaller networks . Network range, indicated by size, is the primary measure (Cosson, 2010). Its simple, the more people you are in contact with, the quicker you will learn the tricks and shortcuts. Dragons Den is a television show, broadcasted on BBC, on which entrepreneurs pitch their ideas in pursuit of securing an investment from one of the dragons (the investors). However, most of the entrepreneurs arent exactly interested in the investment, but the network of contacts that the investor can offer the business. Whenever an entrepreneur secures an investment, they ask the dragons a series of questions concerning whether they have the right contacts which the entrepreneur could use in their business. Having social networks is important, full stop. In any type of activity you take part in, there are advantages of having acquaintances who possess knowledge in that. Being a student, I know the advantages of building friendship with those who are on the same degree scheme as me. At times if I struggle, there are always people that I can turn to for guidance. Its the same concept with an entrepreneur. No matter how clever you are, or how academically brilliant you are, you will always face problems, and at times, these problems could have major impacts on the whole business. Networks help you Accomplish a positive relationship with people who are knowledgeable in a specific field, not only will it strengthen your option of networks, but it can help the entrepreneur enlarge their networks to get important information and resources from their contacts (Wiklunk, 2006). The next advantage is positioning, entrepreneurs position themselves within a social network to shorten the route the more experienced others took to get what they need. Its about finding shortcuts, and possessing a selection of experienced contacts can help you find these shortcuts faster (Burt, 1992). Networking between entrepreneurs is a very effective tool, it various advantages (Cosson, 2010): To improve commercial acumen Encourage collaborations between similar businesses Support one another, help to enlarge the specific market that youre involved in A personal network, consists of all those individuals whom the entrepreneur has direct relations to, this includes individuals like employees, suppliers, partners etc. Strong tie relations are those that the entrepreneur can count on and trust weak tie relations are only casual; people rarely have emotional investments in them. So what is the importance of sustaining weak ties?. Reflecting on Granovetters (1973) reasoning, which links weak and strong ties together, states that entrepreneurs are typical to be found in positions where centrality is high, this allows them to many diverse sources of information (Landstrom, 2009). To explain Social Networks in basic terms, the acquaintances of our friends, are also our friends (Aldrich and Kim, 2005). However, a personal network is a high density network, due to all the persons involved in that network being well known to each other. My interpretation of this is that it is important to sustain a balance of weak and strong ties. In basic w ords, its word of mouth, which plays a crucial role in starting or operating a new business. You might not know the contacts, but perhaps maybe your strong ties are in some form of relation to those weak ties, and that creates a flow of information which the entrepreneur could benefit from (Cosson, 2010). . The social network concept is the relationship between an entrepreneur and the networks of contacts they have who provide them the resources that are important in starting a business and most importantly successfully running the business (Carsrud, Brannback, Brannback 2007). These acquaintances usually have some form of experience and knowledge concerning that specific field. Every entrepreneur, has, or believes to have some kind of knowledge to be capable of running the business, but they also need complementary resources to produce or improve their products (Casson, 2010). The contacts dont necessarily have to be formal, they can be informal, such as friends, family or people who studied on the same degree scheme as you in university. These networks are absolutely crucial in obtaining a successful business (Ross and Brown, 1993). Those acquaintances who guide the entrepreneur to success are their social capital, and one of their key elements of their networks (Casson, 2010). Social Capital is a concept which means the connection and relationship between social networks, in this case, between the entrepreneur and their network. This can be seen as an investment for the entrepreneur. The word investment shouldnt necessarily mean financially investing in a product or company, but, anything that you establish and become part of that is beneficial to you in the long term (Burt, 1992). I personally believe formal networks are as crucial to an entrepreneur as informal networks are. The entrepreneurial process has many lonely and difficult times. Its part of becoming successful. There will be times when establishing a moral-support network is critical. The moral-support network is your friends and family, in simple words, people who make you happy (Hisrich, Peters, Shepherd, 2006). There will be times where even a single phone call from a friend or family will make you feel better, someone to encourage you to pick yourself up and carry on in pursuit of succession. Friends are a critical part of moral-support network, not only can they provide you with honest advice, the form of advice and opinions that others might not be so comfortable in delivering, but they can also provide you with assistance and you can confide with them without the fear of criticism (Cosson, 2010). Although not necessarily true, most entrepreneurs have parents who also own their own businesses or small firms (Cosson, 2010). Young entrepreneurs are able to take advantage of the experience a nd knowledge their parents possess and use it when developing a business of their own. However, a problem comes with this scenario. Off course family members are helpful at particular aspects when giving advice and feedback, however, too much dependence on family members may impact and restrict the entrepreneurs network. Economists stress that dependence on family members may limit an entrepreneurs networking circle. Entrepreneurial parents are a great source of information, there is no doubt about that, but knowing the limit of how much information to acquire from them is critical. You have to interact with the real world, the hard world, to be able to substance a successful business. Sooner or later your parents will be incapable of giving you information, and in that situation, you have no choice but to turn to networks outside your family zone (Birley, 1985). A study by Aldrich, Rosen and Woodward (1987) has suggested that those entrepreneurs with variable networks are more like ly to experience better results. The applicants of the research, reported to have a higher than average number of contacts per week with core network members (Landstrom, 2010). A close friend of mine, Irfan Patel, after 4 years of planning and research, owns his own business, Citybeat53. Citybeat53 is a business that offers young talented musicians events and advertisement through its own channel of networks. it provides opportunity to those who need guidance and help. Irfan is a Music Engineering graduate from the University of Leeds. After graduating, he successfully secured an internship to work for SONY BMG. As he explained, whilst being an employee for Sony BMG, he learnt an ocean of information and skills. He believes it was due to the people he worked with, all of whom had side activities and businesses. Whilst working at the company, he formed a relationship with a colleague who specialised in organising concerts, book signings and formal events. And he began a string of net works for Irfan. Using those networks, Irfan managed to gather enough information and resources to create this incredibly unique business. As he explained, when the business established, the first year was the loneliest and most difficult time he has ever experienced. He explained that if it wasnt for the relationships he formed whilst working for Sony BMG, he would have never made it this far. He values the network he established in London, more than achieving his degree. At times, he believe that maybe he should have done things differently, maybe taken different routes, but he believes everything that has happened to him counts as experience. To conclude this essay, I have learnt that to be a successful entrepreneur, its critical to obtain a variety set of networks for yourself. To set up a successful new business, you must make relations with those who you believe can help you gain better results. By reading through this essay, I have learnt that not only the entrepreneurial experience is a hard and at times, long process, but it can affect an individual mentally. By carrying out a research about this field, I have learnt that those entrepreneurs who constantly try and expand their networks, and use their social network contacts to learn about new opportunities, often find a shorter route to success than those solo entrepreneurs (Wiklunk, 2006). Trying to expand your network of contacts is like investing in a flow of information, at a cost of putting the effort of finding those contacts and maintaining a positive relationship with them. By looking at different types of theories and stories from entrepreneurs, I learnt th at the majority of experienced entrepreneurs advice those younger entrepreneurs to expand their range of networks, and most importantly, maintain a diversified network. Weak ties are as important as strong ties. Entrepreneurship is about change, its about offering the market something unique, and throughout the entrepreneurial process, the entrepreneur will face environmental changes, changes which can be extremely challenging, hence the entrepreneur needs to be prepared to face these challenges. Having a network becomes like mechanism, a device created to help you to successfully respond to these changes.

Causes And Effects Of Market Failure Economics Essay

Causes And Effects Of Market Failure Economics Essay In relation of the market performance, many things are well done, but not everything is done well. First of all, we assumed that markets are competitive. In some markets, a buyer or sellers might be having a right to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power. Market power can cause markets to be inefficient because it keeps the price and quantity away from the stability of supply and demand. Market failure happen when resources are inefficiently allocated due to imperfections in the market structure , in the world the decisions of buyers and sellers sometimes affect people who are not participants in the markets at all. Pollution is the classic example of a market outcome that affects peoples not in the market such side effects called externalities. Market power and externalities are examples of a general phenomenon called market failure. When market fail public policy can potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency. In this ca se; governments will interference where some form of market failure is taking part. Allocate efficiency means good resource allocation, when we cannot make any consumer better off without making some other consumer worse off. Moreover, an allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. The balance of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources. Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency as well as the equity of economic outcomes. This approach looks at the given resources and tries to get the most output from them and it also means that firms sell at a fair price to consumers that reflect the real resource use. Market failure is a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlywhen freely-functioning markets, operating without government intervention . Therefore, economic effiency welfare may not be maximized. This will leads to a loss of economic efficiency. When market fail, government policy intervention can potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency, may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources. Causes of Market Failure Public Goods Public goods are properties or facilities that can be used up by many consumers instantaneously without reducing the worth of consumption to any consumers. Therefore, public good is non-rival and non-excludable. That is a consumer cannot be stopped from consuming the good whether or not the individual pays for it. Realistically, non-rival means that the individual demand curves are summed perpendicularly to get the aggregate demand curve for the public good if each of those consumers has a demand curve for a public good (shown as the Figure 7.1). Consider Good with Identical Aggregate Demand is a public good. (i.e., Moon Lakes Water Quality) Figure 7.1 Mounting Aggregate Demand for Public Good Aggregate demand is summed vertically of individual demand curves in the market for a public good. The summed vertically of individual demand curves because all individuals can enjoy a similar public good. Hence, for every marginal unit of Moon Lakes water quality: aggregate demand = the total of consumer value for the unit Non-Rival and Market Failure Figure 7.3 Public Good: showed that the market price is not always in an efficiency condition because the a public good is never used up. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ P=MC cannot be the equilibrium price of water quality because the individuals would not spend for any improvement in water quality. Individual would only spend for Q2, and because of Q2 level of water quality would not be met. Thus, the social optimum solution would be to offer Q* and charge each individual a unit price same to the individuals marginal value at Q* or P1* and P2*. The higher demand of consumer will spend a larger amount than the consumer with a lower willingness to spend for the goods or services (refers to the shaded areas). The reasons of inefficiency occurs in supplying public goods is that, unlike price, quantity is not an effective market mechanism: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For a given quantity, individuals will not automatically self-select their optimal price, but will instead wish to pay the lowest price possible when they cannot be excluded from consuming the good. Non-Excludability and Market Failure The primary cause of market failure involving public goods is non-excludable. Non-excludability means that the producer of a public good cannot prevent individuals from consuming it. Non-excludability is a relative, not an absolute, characteristic of most public goods. A good is usually termed non-excludable if the costs of excluding individuals from consuming the good are very high. Private markets always under produce non-excludable public goods because individuals have the incentive to free ride, or to not pay for the advantages they get from consuming the public good. With a free-rider problem, private firms cannot earn sufficient revenues from selling the public good to induce them to produce the socially optimal level of the public good. Figure 7.4 Optimal Provision of a Non-excludable Public Good, The Free-Rider Problem, and Market Failure PubD1 = Demand of one individual for public good X. D2 = Total Demand of two individuals for public good X. D3 = Total Demand of three individuals for public good X. D4 = Total Demand of four individuals for public good X. MC = Marginal cost of providing the public good X. The socially optimal level of public good X with four consumers is X4. (Note that the optimal level of the public good with a very large number of individuals is X max.) Because of non-excludability, markets may fail to provide X4.Under private markets, each individual may wait for the others to purchase the public good so that he/she can free-ride. In this case, the private market may provide no public good, because no one is willing to purchase it. For example, if individual decides to purchase (and the others free-ride), the private market will provide a level of the public good equal to X1, where the marginal benefit of the purchasing individual equals to the marginal cost of producing the public good. Notice that this is much less than the optimal level of provision of the public good, X4. Cause of market failure Market Failure is when a good is either over or under produced in a free market due to its externalities or other properties. This means that its ability to be used by more than one person at the same time, without any extra costs, makes it an unsuitable good to be produced by commercial suppliers. When demand is lowered, less will be produced, making the market fail. For an example, when a government subsidies for everyone to have enough of certain good or service, this is a market failure because demand still exists but supply is no longer limited for everyone who gets that product. Externalities are usually in all field of economic activity. Externalities are defined as third party or spill-over, the effects of production and consumption activities not directly reflected in the market. Negative externalities causes market failure because the graphs have failed to measure true products within the society. Failed to allocate resources efficiently and has overproduced goods with negative spillover effects. Negative externalities For example, the consumption of gasoline produces a negative externality in that people who do not use it (own a car) share the costs of the air pollution for which it is responsible. Negative externalities are also property rights problems. Social cost is equal to private cost to the firm of producing the gasoline plus the external cost to those bystanders affected by the pollution. Therefore, social cost exceeds the private cost paid by producers. . Price Social Cost Supply (private cost) Demand (private value) Q optimum Qmarket Quantity Figure 1 Figure 1 shows, the supply curve does not reflect the true cost of producing gasoline, the market will produce more gasoline than is optimal. Solving the negative externalities problem Top of Form Bottom of Form Government develop a product price via using taxes onto the consumption of that particular good. Due to the increase of taxation, consumption will decrease because fewer people will be willing to buy at a higher price, since the tax on the product may be more expensive than before. Furthermore, when the tax is increasing, this will cause the businesses to compete with each other on their prices. On the other hand, there might be some underground business causes products are expensive. The government can particularly tax certain private parties to reduce the amount of marginal private cost in order for it to equal to the marginal social cost for a negative production externality. By taxing a party, they will have a higher cost when producing their goods. Taxation can also provide a source of payment for public goods. e.g. we wouldnt have roads without taxes to pay for them. When a good has a positive externality, the government will often create a subsidy to reduce the effects of a ma rket failure. This means that the government will give money to the party that produces this positive externality, in order to encourage production. When subsidies are given, the producers have more money to produce their goods. This will increase production, bringing the marginal private benefits closer to marginal social benefits, decreasing the positive externality, and thus stopping market failure. One of the reasons contributing to a market failure is the unequal separation of market power. Market power means how strong is the firms influence on the market outcome, for example, the price of a good. Among all possible market condition, the one with most unequal market power would the monopoly market. A monopoly market means that the market has only one producer producing the goods, there is no other source of same or similar goods in the market. In this case, the particular producer would have absolute power to manipulate the price of the good in the market because consumers have no other choice but to buy the goods from that monopoly firm. The worst situation occurs when the goods sold in this particular market is basic necessary goods for the public, this is because the Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) for the good is so low, that the market would not be able to respond to the drastic change of price, if there is any. Price Quantity Q 0 S1 S2 DD S1 shift to S2 6 8 9 5 Figure 1 Figure 1 show that, the effects on the market outcomes when the demand curve is inelastic and supply curve is shifting to the left (from S1 to S2). The total expense increases from $40 to $45 after the firm raises the price from $5 to $9, even though the quantity traded decreases from 8 units to 6 units. If the market were a competitive market, such situation will not happen because as soon as the producer increases the price of good, consumers would switch their consumption onto similar goods produced by other producers in the market. When there is a market failure, government is then needed to interfere and hence improve the market outcome. A good way to prevent monopolization of an industry is via taking legal actions, for example, in South Korea, a Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act is introduced on 31/12/1980. The act was introduced to promote competition among firms and to protect the consumers in the country, hence providing the country a stable and balanced development o economics. Under this act, any company that attempts to combine with another company, regardless the process is done through merging, acquisition of stocks, business take-over, or any other method would be considered as breaking the law and legal actions would be taken by the government. This particular government policy would have a great effect on stopping markets to develop into oligopoly market or a monopoly market, however, in some cases the government actually gave a company the power to monopolize the business. In Malaysia, an el ectricity supplying company called Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) was appointed by the government to be the only official electricity supplier in the country, this was due to the high entry bounty and maintenance fees to run an electricity supplying company, companies other than TNB were unable to bear the high cost and hence the government appointed TNB as the only electricity supplier in the country and subsidy was provided to the company to reduce the cost. Of course in this case another law called price ceiling was applied to control the price of electricity bills in the country, and to prevent exploitation of the company on the residents in the country. Government Policies Price Control Price control is government interference in markets in which lawful restrictions are located on the prices charged. The two primary forms of price control are price floor and price ceiling. Price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good be sold. Price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold. Price controls enforced on an otherwise proficient and competitive market create imbalances (shortage or surplus) which leadineffectiveness. However, enforcing price controls on a market that fails to reachproficient (due to public goods, externalities, or incomplete information) can actual riseefficiency. Price controls have widely used to decrease inflation in economy. -Price Ceiling Figure 8.1 Pricing and quantity effects of a binding price ceiling on Rental From the figure 8.1, an equilibrium, Eo is occurs when supply curve intersects with demand curve in the free market. The initial price on rental is Po and quantity is Qo when the equilibrium is occurs. Rental control is a price ceiling on rent. According to rental control in New York, when the government enforced maximum price is lower than markets equilibrium price, as shown by the binding price ceiling in figure 8.1. Graphically, the price of rental decrease from Po to P1. Sellers can no longer charge the price the market demands but are forced to meet the ceiling price set by the government. A ceiling price can make sellers away from the market (decreases the supplied resources), while the lower price increases the consumers demand. Hence, the quantity of supply reduces from Qo to Q1 while the quantity of demand increases from Qo to Q2. When DD>SS, the ceiling is a binding constraint on the price and causes a shortages. A number of consumers willing to experience a long line for the product when they need to purchase. Sometimes governments merge price ceilings with government rationing programs to ensure the market will allocate the supply of goods efficiently. -Price Floors Figure 8.2 Pricing and quantity effects of a price floor on Wage Minimum Wage is approaching record lows in the United States. If no one earns any money except for one person, who earns all of the money, then the income distribution would be perfectly unequal. Governments make an effort to stop the poor from getting poorer, and the rich from getting richer in order to achieve an equilibrium in income distribution. Minimum wage laws have its greatest impact on the market for unskilled workers. Minimum Wage is one of the price floors in market. Minimum wage laws establish the lowest price of wages that all employers must pay for labor. The quantity of supplied labor is higher than the quantity demanded in the traditional minimum wage model. According to the figure 8.2, Minimum wage, P2 is above equilibrium price, Po and quantity, Qo when supply curve intersect with demand curve. Labor supplied and labor demanded can be prevented from shifting toward equilibrium price and quantity. Hence, surplus is occurs between quantity of demand, Q1 and quantity of supply, Q2. Minimum wage levels become the price floor and wages cannot fall below the floor price. Conclusion

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom :: Child Development Education Psychology Essays

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom Are parents ready to red shirt there children? No, I’m not talking about sports but kindergarten. Many parents are facing the issue of whether or not their children are ready for the big step into the classroom. Before entering kindergarten children need to develop their perceptual skill (depth perception). As humans we need depth perception for detection, discrimination, and identification of objects. Depth perception is a difficult topic to access due to the fact that the world is three dimensional and human visions are two dimensional. When transmitted to the brain, an image on the retina is not a picture; rather it is a pattern of nerve impulses, aroused by a light pattern that terminates in the visual area of the cerebral cortex. Through some activity of the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex, human beings apparently perceive the external world in a three-dimensional manner that is correlated with the retinal-image pattern in some orderly manner. Psychologists are particularly interested in the cues which enable people to perceive depth and distance. Stimulus patterns for arousing a depth experience occur when individuals are given specific cues. The cues may be monocular, effective when using one eye as well as two, or binocular, requiring the usage of both eyes. The cues may also be psychological, depending only on the visual image, or physiological, originating from the structure and movement of the eyes. In this paper I will explain perceptual development and how it relates to animals, infants, and blind infants. Infancy is the period of life in which development occurs most rapidly. Development occurs in a variety of different ways and has been categorized with the study of infancy into physical, motor, and perceptual development. Each of these forms of development occurs simultaneously and progress in each facilitates the progress of the other. There are many studies I will assess to further explain how they contribute to explaining the development of perception. In developing direct perception one must be able to directly perceive what the objects and surfaces in the environment are perceived as an action of affordances. An example of an affordance is stair climbing. Walking down a flight of stairs as an 18 month and adult are different. As an individual grows, perception of affordances might change. When climbing the stairs a person must be able to judge leg length to judge how they climb the stairs.

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys  Ã‚   Othello is the tragedy, and, incidentally, the name of a Moor who serves as a general in the Italian military. He spends the first act of Shakespeare’s play in Venice, but is ordered shortly to Cyprus to fight the Turkish invasion. His journey isn’t officially noticeable at all in the play. One moment he’s defending himself in the Senate of Venice, the next he’s in Cyprus, taking credit for being victorious in a battle the storms fought for him against the Turks. The story unravels from there. His soon-to-be-lieutenant, Iago, whispers in his ear about his wife, Desdemona, and the unforgivable crime of adultery, throwing Othello’s orderly world to the winds of fate. ......Still, if the starting point and destination of Othello’s initial journey were to be compared to Othello’s psychological journey throughout the play (and, more importantly, the development of his relationship with the villain, Iago), they are found to be startlingly similar. Whether Shakespeare intended the parallel or not, and there isn’t really any sure way to tell, the coincidence is great. ......Venice, where the story starts, is a place of order, rich and wonderful. Likewise, Othello’s relationship with Iago is shown by the third scene of Act One to be, on the surface, based on honesty, respect, and admiration. He says, as he prepares to lead the ships to war: â€Å"honest Iago, my Desdemona must I leave to thee.† (1.3.336) While it may seem naà ¯ve for Othello to do such a thing when trouble is obviously brewing and the sense of foreshadowing is nearly tangible, the reader must keep in mind that Venice is an orderly, respected city and the General’s relationship with Iago can be summed up neatly in one sentence spoken by Brabantio: ......â€Å"This is Venice. My house is not a grange.† (1.1.119) ......But while Venice is certainly not a grange, there is plenty going on behind the scenes. One could even argue that Iago’s first scene when he incites Desdemona’s father to go and take revenge on Othello by using racist and bestial slurs is very similar to the first talks of war in the Senate and the general being told he must leave his homeland to defend Cyprus from the Turks. ......â€Å"An old black ram is tupping your white ewe,† (1.1.98) Iago shouts to Brabantio, at the same moment that Othello is being informed of his new assignment.

Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy :: essays research papers

Hume’s counter-analogy does not succeed in undermining Paley’s argument from design. Paley clearly explains to his reader that humans are so complicated that we must have been made by a designer. Hume argues that since the universe is not a human art, and is more like an animal, it does not need a designer. Paley argues that the complexity and functionality of a watch clearly shows that it was made by a designer. Animals are also complex and functional, therefore, Hume does not change the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paley lays his argument as such: a watch is like the universe in complexity and functionality, a watch needs a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paley’s argument centers around the simile between a watch and the universe . He points out that the watch is complicated with many parts, yet all work together to form a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are put together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be designed by other watches, some superior being must have created at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch works and how to create it to function properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watch and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hume attempts to counter Paley’s argument by saying that the universe is more like an animal than a work of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paley’s argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well. Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy :: essays research papers Hume’s counter-analogy does not succeed in undermining Paley’s argument from design. Paley clearly explains to his reader that humans are so complicated that we must have been made by a designer. Hume argues that since the universe is not a human art, and is more like an animal, it does not need a designer. Paley argues that the complexity and functionality of a watch clearly shows that it was made by a designer. Animals are also complex and functional, therefore, Hume does not change the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paley lays his argument as such: a watch is like the universe in complexity and functionality, a watch needs a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paley’s argument centers around the simile between a watch and the universe . He points out that the watch is complicated with many parts, yet all work together to form a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are put together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be designed by other watches, some superior being must have created at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch works and how to create it to function properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watch and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hume attempts to counter Paley’s argument by saying that the universe is more like an animal than a work of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paley’s argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well.

Emile Durkheim: Social Change Theory Essay

Emile Durkheim, the father of sociology, in his text the Rules of sociological rule, has asserted that the disciplinal distinction betwixt the kindly and innate sciences necessitates the differentiation in the variables and processes of abridgment. This is why the fancy of kind facts was c erstwhileived, to have in mind to the intangibles that occur as crossing of affable fundamental inter bring throughs between humans, who creates realities because of the constant cycle of agreement-disagreement, decision- do, and rationalization.The observable, and sometimes unconscious, brotherly occurrences and structures that operate in the cab art argon what constitute sociable facts. The accessible facts be realities that argon not dead(prenominal) and sturdy as they are forever and a day overcome to kindly tack. The cordial mixture system is the understanding that the impulsive interactions in the societal milieu create phenomena that is incessant and constant m odification. This revision is hence the product of societal structures that determines processes and mechanisms that results in token outcomes.The friendly channelize conjecture It is important to put down that throughout history, different scholars offered different lenses in analyzing the universe of mixer switch over. How a particular thinker perceives the concept of change has frequentlytimes mirrored the hearty conditions of the era. Haferkamp and Smelser (1998) notes that it was during the French and industrial Revolutions, periods of tender dynamism, has ushered the focus and locus on the concept of social change in the understanding of the interaction and vibrancy of units of the society. philosophic thinkers had thus began the movement from the knowledge of natural constants and the inclination to support contractual, natural occurrences, to in conclusion recognize the potentiality of social change as the theoretical angle in comprehension of social phenomena . The understanding of social change does not confine itself to the illumination of the present, and also the explication of historical experiences of humans, similar the ancient empires or the civilizations.Meanwhile, the contemporary advance of social change theory develops itself into creating an locate that is more generalized so as to illuminate the problems and processes of change in a broader view of the present and the past. According to Haferkamp and Smelser (1998), the theory of social must include triple fundamental elements that relates and links up to single another (1) structural determinants, (2) processes and mechanisms, and (3) directions and consequences.Below is the graphic illustration of the elements of social change The to a higher place representation may seem simple, but the social change follows the process, of mechanisms and social processes existence dictated by structural determinants, which results into outputs and consequences that are accumula ted. It is also important to note that although the social change theories are considered fundamentals in the sociological probe and discipline, it is neertheless wanting(p) of more theoretical development. neighborly change theories are in fact not devoid of problems. Although social changes is beyond the limits and often exceeds the explanations of single (mono-causal) theories, such theory is calm down consequential in explaining some realities. much(prenominal) theories of course tend to disintegrate once confronted by changes that are unprecedented or when employed for purposes of prescription or prediction.Meanwhile, the difficult multi-causal theories encounters difficulty in harmonizing multitudes of variables and determinants that produces multiple outcomes, making it more difficult to construct. The prospects of social change theory are of course not to be denied, as it aptly explains the dynamic structures that operate in the social setting. The role of Emile Durkh eim, which would be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs, contributed immensely in the crafting and development of the theories of social change.Durkheims Theory of favorable Change The mail does not cease to have weight, although we do not feel that weight. Emile Durkheim The contribution of Durkheim of the idea of social facts has contributed vastly to the sociological epitome during his and the contemporary period, as he poses the supposal that humans are essentially ring and enclosed in the countless facts and realities, which is in existence even without recognition or knowledge of such particular reality. exchangeable to the persons inability to ceaselessly feel the weight of the fashion, it does not signify the absence of the weight or of the air this illustrates how people are not always candid of discerning realities social facts, whose comportment in fact are never absent or lacking, as these facts ceaselessly moves people forward and affect air and actions. It awakeness only suits apparent in situations where iodine deviates from it, like for instance, we become aware of the culture of respect/cleanliness when someone throws his detritus on the street.Social transformations are undergo in events where the unexpected and unprecedented is what transpires, and these are essentially the instances that advance the knowledge of the sociologist/philosopher. For Durkheim, social change is represented by transformations in the social morphology -or the structure of social traffic that links idiosyncratics into a perspicuous entity, society- and the moral structure -or the body of laws, norms, and sanctions that flummox social life.(Hadis, Sociology and Social Change) For Durkheim, the point of the study of social sciences if to focus on facts that are essentially dissimilar and varied from the subject of the natural science, which is why something as intangible as, for example, culture, is a point of discussion and analysis for Durkhei m. Social science hence is a study that distinguishes itself from the natural science, and therefore necessitates recognition of facts that are products of human and social interaction social fact.Durkheim studies he reasons why suicide happens,w hich he concludes is a product of normlessness, which is a product of prevailing culture, which mirrors life of the single(a) and what is more intangible than culture and life. Durkheim was pertain with anomie, a pathological -and, thus, temporary- characteristic of societies in which the piece of cut into does not train naturally, but may be hale by unequal social relations among classes.(Hadis, Sociology and Social Change) Durkheims scheme of social change involves a contrast between a simple division of attention and a corresponding mechanic solidarity, on the one hand, and a complex division of labor accompanied now by what he called organic solidarity, on the other. (Hadis, Sociologya and Social Change) The anomie is in the s ociety is utilize by Durkheim to defer to the declining morality of individuals, and it is something that confronts the individual when they are not leap outed by moral constraints, therefore creating confusions between what is morally right or otherwise.It is in the circumstance of collective social morality that social change is most mirrored and become promising. In a society that gives subsidy to individualism, which is not morally bad (except for egoism), the ancestor is the formation of collective morality. The point of social change hence is that social facts are constantly subject to transformations and evolutions that are responses to subsisting values, situations, and structures that determine social outcomes and processes.Durkheim uses differentiation in his explication of the social change theory black lovage (in Haferkamp and Smelser, 1992) explains it dispatchly He used differentiation theory to grope with issues that are generic to the study of social changes as such. distributively of Divisions three move represents one important way in which social change has been conceptualized through the verbal expression of general models, through developing accounts of social process, and through historically specific analyses of tensions and strains.Durkheims problem, in other words, is an enduring one with which every perspective on change must come to grips. The problem of integrating is one of the fundamental problems for Durkheim. In the reality of social change in how the labor structure is being organized, how is it therefore potential for the society to maintain order and perceptual constancy? Durkheim has highlighted in his work how the perpetual action diversity has affected the society, and how the process and social structures has taken the perpetual cycle of bound and rebound.The social change theory of Emile Durkheim gives the clear picture of how cultural determinants are concentrated factors for the change dynamics and outco mes in the society. speciality hence becomes important, as social phenomena are complex occurrences that are not capable of being confined by inflexible theories. The understanding of social change is a product therefore of the analytical accommodation to encompass and recognize the cultural and social facts that operates and dictates the transformations occurring in the social milieu.References Durkheim, Emile. (1982). The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method. Steven Lukes, Ed. USA The Free Press. Hadis, Benjamin. Sociology and Social Change. Accessed 22 January 2008 Haferkamp, Hans and Neil Smelser, Eds. (1992). Social Change and Modernity. USA University of California Press. Noble, Trevor. (2000). Social Theory and Social Change. USA Palgrave.

Research paper on carnival Essay

Mardi gras honourable the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing by the streets of brand- juvenile siege of Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter fellowship get st prowessed? Heres a look at the history of Mardi gras break off-to- shutting the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the quaint Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras jubilances. (pg. 115)Their mid-February fiesta k with start delay as Lupercalia a h oer-the-hilled the god Lupercus, alternately kn decl be as the god of black marketrate and the god of agri kitchen-gardening and pastoral shepherds. In either crusade, his ships comp some(prenominal) definedly had Mardi Gras- deal qualities, including geezerhood of feasting and drin powerfulness. And a little wassailing the pleasures of the flesh, probably, too in po investion, the term fair, a gr eat deal synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin preparati on import fargon easy to the flesh. Like near of the old-fashi bingled Roman and Greek fetes, Lupercalia was espouse and fitted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the topical anaesthetic pagans to Christianity. The bazaar- wish rejoicing of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last cracking in the branch annihilateue the beginning of the lenden plosive. modify refers to the 40 years of pertinence and nicety celebrated between change Wednesday and east wind sunshine.During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based solemnization quickly penetrate across the European continent. By g completelyant clocks, lords were legionsing funfairs prior to Lent in honor of the conscription of their new k night time. Each area and country celebrated their own usages, only each(prenominal) were voluptuary. pic In France, this period of revelry beforehand Lent was e specially raucous. In feature, the term Mardi gras is a french expression meaning Fat Tuesday bidly referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name whitethorn spend a penny been more than just allegorical, however. Ancient pagans often marked their fertility rite by parading a fattened ox d wholeness the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was also the cut who brought the celebration to America. Many historians be craftve the musical compositiony crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a cut explorer named Sieur dIberville.The frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of Americas new(a) Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to turn in coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his bespeak of entry Point du Mardi Gras. However, dis consecratee the dIberville chargeion, contending that it was the archaean French settler s to Louisiana who introduced Mardi gras to America. regardless(prenominal) of the precise origin, Mardi gras arouse cl advance(prenominal) be attri merelyed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was hard rooted in the New Orleans kitchen-gardening. Lent later states that Today, the citys celebrations are considered one of Americas biggest failies, with towns and cities by dint ofout the Gulf Coast voice getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras) earlier in 1909, a assemblage of laborers who had nonionised a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian Theater to attend a musical comedy per micturateed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit en statute titled, There Never Was and Never testament Be a force like Me, intimately the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of memorial tablet came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a charitable encourage Society. passhearted Societies were the foremost forms of redress in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received fiscal help when sick or pecuniary aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and interviews with old members also indicate that in that time the city was divided into wards and each ward had its own sort out or Club. The Tramps were one much(prenominal) group. aft(prenominal)ward touching the skit, they retired to their clashing place (a room in the stern of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210).According to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other(a)(a) ward-based groups. term the convention marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as world power. The group wore raggedy junkts, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in face of and behind King Story. His costume of prettify bottom crown and toss awayana stem turn scepter has been hygienic documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford 1910, woodpecker Williams 1912, and Henry Harris 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of blusters, constructed on a climb up w agon, using dry good boxes. The blow was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That junior-grade beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today. On family store 20, 1916, in the nonorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-two of the organizations officers and members signed the first functionary document.The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington track, compete an integral piece in Zulus beginning, and fork up continued to do so end-to-end the days. The first official make happy of King Zulu and his pouffe is held at this goerning body each social class. Zulus were not without their controversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was un usual to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a total darkness face were seen as macrocosm demeaning. biggish numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to almost 16 men. James Russell, a long-time member, served as president in this period, and is credited with belongings the organization together and slowly finding Zulu sticker to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus passage took them on two major streets namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to hold out the so-called back streets of the Black neighborhoods.The separationism laws of this period contri howevered to this, and Zulu tradition also contend a part. In those days, neighborhood bar sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. difference meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus exit stop here Once stop at a sponsoring bar, it was often intemperate to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to satisfy their obligations. Zulu has grown tremendously over the course of studys. This constant growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and committedness to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their new home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge razestairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the numerous floats in the parades during circus, the Zulu coco palm or Golden Nugget is the most sought after.The earliest reference make for to the coconut appears to be nigh 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural hairy state. Some years later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and pa inting the coconuts. This was the trumpeter to the ravishingly decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the pro life sentenceration of lawsuits from batch alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was inefficient to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended. After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, ably dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged(a) injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bear down into law. (pg. 233) amusement park in the CaribbeanHundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a ill-advised costume festival right before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which means to put away(predicate) meat. (internet site caribbean carnival)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became quite famous. The manage spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to foreshorten control of the Americas and other parts of the gentlemans gentleman, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating pleasure ground. In many an(prenominal) parts of the realism, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today circus celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures ready come together and especially Afri outhouse saltation and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. all- all- authorized(a)(prenominal) to the Caribbean festival arts are the past African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tra dition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean nation carnival became an most-valuable way to express their generous heathen traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or overall purpose and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and forbearance is put into work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. genus Circus groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes line drawing a common theme.When funfair first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before alter Wednesday). Nowadays funfair festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which pleasure ground celebrations such as music disputations, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, dishful pageants, balls, parades etc. take place may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, some(prenominal) (prenominal)times weeks, the spate of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and mere joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit Caribbean carnival)E actuallyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations.Antigua and BermudaThe festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. e genuinelywhere the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the unite States have slipped into the Antiguan community and immingle with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent memorializes, and owing(p) music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua fair. In retrospect, the Antigua funfair dates back in majestic 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants barely was soon conquered by the British and was officially restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom.As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua pleasure ground. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua circus has developed into ten days jammed with revelry in a glitzy expressive style of dance to the stir up of the fairy-slipper. It includes marge, jump-ups and shows which unendingly took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the outmatch time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to detect the Pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the as yett.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their mixed wardrobes are made. It is also the starting berth as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively e outlet culminates by a massive road party called Jouvert, which means day break. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the drums from the young night until the middle aurora.Barbados ( trim down over)Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to re crusade nefariousness spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that hoi polloi can spiritually rise in a higher place anything. Most European colonies deep down the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations.The Histor y of domesticate oerThe end of the wampum cane harvest, or nip oer as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the ingathering Over festival, we find the manager of Newton woodlet writing in 1788 to the estates owner in England, tell him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, saying twas a celebration of reaping Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of grove life in Barbados carried on idempotent after the end of slavery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an colossal difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For man y the interval between two crops would and then have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the designing of a man stuffed with trash (the dehydrated leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was k directlyn as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the orchard, and, fit in to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a tint of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could.The festival was apparently jolly common at the beginning of the reconcile century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A butt againstion of carts would bring the last canes to the grove yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colorful kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point tha t that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally tot some salt meat and rum. yet by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a customs which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the exploitation availability of other sources of employment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the guinea pig Cultural Foundation, pays subsidy to the fact that sugar is sboulder clay important in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new.CROP-OVER carnivalCrop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process e nriched by much history, a poke visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad & Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 whitethorn 01 begins with the drawn-out Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. may 1 is the last-placee, where borders, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May twenty-four hour period line of battle, The Caribbeans largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the notice delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an glorious night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and uprise with the culture. U nlike most Carnivals whose roots are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season.The end to all the strenuous and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. Surely a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. phratry Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are public events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and borders perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the worlds best even though it featu res primarily local talent.Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, walkaway an important role in deciding who will win the title of ships company monarch butterfly, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. Get tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, circumstancely with all the palaver about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable Grand Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large materiale bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) Tuk endemic to Barbados, its a combination of Af rican and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass part drums and whistles. They play sounds like marching band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over.Calypso & SocaAlthough calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very prominent place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55)SteelbandBorrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and prime(prenominal) of the music to the issue that steelband has now taken a place on the course of instruction of many of the schools on the island.Grand KadoomentThe noble finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for Designer of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes picture non-homogeneous themes dancing to music acting from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys wind puppet their way down to Spring garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (vincy mas)HistoryHugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity since at the dawn of histor y, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who be St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich compartmentalization added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level.Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances. stated however, when personal chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and dis contend the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before ash tree Wednesday. Unable to chain the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held other opinion, The main reason was to suppress the peoples culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not infrastand these expressions and treasured to stifle them. The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people firm that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate.They began the celebrations as early as th e Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the fortify might of the Empire. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and 12th February into this countrys history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincents culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to provide accompanying music to its calypso. ( pg. 47).By 1973, it was virtually impossible to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its wing outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival, R agguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the distance of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth, held its Carnival around the same time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season.The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso disceptation and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be organised to showcase the dishful and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival.TrinidadCarnivals principal components a re calypso, steelpan and play mas (masquerade). In the historic capital urban center of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a five day ritual pageant beginning with the King & Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). ( discolor pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an memorable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before final and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and reflection known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. picThe genesis of this worlds greatest Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction. musical composition the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an paramount theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy Trinity is blessed as the unifying principle. This is the coun trys well known motto, resting at the base of the omnipresent and striking T&T cover of Arms reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the experience lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. picToday Trinidads model for public celebration is the most widely attendd festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean.Jouvert poke Jab The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is evenhandedly devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are emaciated on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating change and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick-skulled whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. driving force MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mlasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival.The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may cytosmear his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. duration some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, seemingly restraining him as he pulls against them in his state of nature dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time.Trinidads carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the life style and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country moolah thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. nigh 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on apace, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night.The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the mask balls of the French, the slaves would hold the line their own tiny carnivals in their gardens using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their ascendance as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets.This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools assurance that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and root s. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations chip in in Trinidads Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities whole kit and caboodle as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59)BibliographyCaribbean carnival Caribseek.comhttp//www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml.Carnival in Trinidad. Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidad exploitation and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http//www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm.Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. 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