Research paper on carnival Essay

Mardi gras honourable the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing by the streets of brand- juvenile siege of Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter fellowship get st prowessed? Heres a look at the history of Mardi gras break off-to- shutting the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the quaint Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras jubilances. (pg. 115)Their mid-February fiesta k with start delay as Lupercalia a h oer-the-hilled the god Lupercus, alternately kn decl be as the god of black marketrate and the god of agri kitchen-gardening and pastoral shepherds. In either crusade, his ships comp some(prenominal) definedly had Mardi Gras- deal qualities, including geezerhood of feasting and drin powerfulness. And a little wassailing the pleasures of the flesh, probably, too in po investion, the term fair, a gr eat deal synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin preparati on import fargon easy to the flesh. Like near of the old-fashi bingled Roman and Greek fetes, Lupercalia was espouse and fitted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the topical anaesthetic pagans to Christianity. The bazaar- wish rejoicing of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last cracking in the branch annihilateue the beginning of the lenden plosive. modify refers to the 40 years of pertinence and nicety celebrated between change Wednesday and east wind sunshine.During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based solemnization quickly penetrate across the European continent. By g completelyant clocks, lords were legionsing funfairs prior to Lent in honor of the conscription of their new k night time. Each area and country celebrated their own usages, only each(prenominal) were voluptuary. pic In France, this period of revelry beforehand Lent was e specially raucous. In feature, the term Mardi gras is a french expression meaning Fat Tuesday bidly referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name whitethorn spend a penny been more than just allegorical, however. Ancient pagans often marked their fertility rite by parading a fattened ox d wholeness the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was also the cut who brought the celebration to America. Many historians be craftve the musical compositiony crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a cut explorer named Sieur dIberville.The frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of Americas new(a) Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to turn in coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his bespeak of entry Point du Mardi Gras. However, dis consecratee the dIberville chargeion, contending that it was the archaean French settler s to Louisiana who introduced Mardi gras to America. regardless(prenominal) of the precise origin, Mardi gras arouse cl advance(prenominal) be attri merelyed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was hard rooted in the New Orleans kitchen-gardening. Lent later states that Today, the citys celebrations are considered one of Americas biggest failies, with towns and cities by dint ofout the Gulf Coast voice getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras) earlier in 1909, a assemblage of laborers who had nonionised a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian Theater to attend a musical comedy per micturateed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit en statute titled, There Never Was and Never testament Be a force like Me, intimately the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of memorial tablet came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a charitable encourage Society. passhearted Societies were the foremost forms of redress in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received fiscal help when sick or pecuniary aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and interviews with old members also indicate that in that time the city was divided into wards and each ward had its own sort out or Club. The Tramps were one much(prenominal) group. aft(prenominal)ward touching the skit, they retired to their clashing place (a room in the stern of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210).According to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other(a)(a) ward-based groups. term the convention marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as world power. The group wore raggedy junkts, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in face of and behind King Story. His costume of prettify bottom crown and toss awayana stem turn scepter has been hygienic documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford 1910, woodpecker Williams 1912, and Henry Harris 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of blusters, constructed on a climb up w agon, using dry good boxes. The blow was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That junior-grade beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today. On family store 20, 1916, in the nonorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-two of the organizations officers and members signed the first functionary document.The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington track, compete an integral piece in Zulus beginning, and fork up continued to do so end-to-end the days. The first official make happy of King Zulu and his pouffe is held at this goerning body each social class. Zulus were not without their controversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was un usual to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a total darkness face were seen as macrocosm demeaning. biggish numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to almost 16 men. James Russell, a long-time member, served as president in this period, and is credited with belongings the organization together and slowly finding Zulu sticker to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus passage took them on two major streets namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to hold out the so-called back streets of the Black neighborhoods.The separationism laws of this period contri howevered to this, and Zulu tradition also contend a part. In those days, neighborhood bar sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. difference meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus exit stop here Once stop at a sponsoring bar, it was often intemperate to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to satisfy their obligations. Zulu has grown tremendously over the course of studys. This constant growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and committedness to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their new home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge razestairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the numerous floats in the parades during circus, the Zulu coco palm or Golden Nugget is the most sought after.The earliest reference make for to the coconut appears to be nigh 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural hairy state. Some years later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and pa inting the coconuts. This was the trumpeter to the ravishingly decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the pro life sentenceration of lawsuits from batch alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was inefficient to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended. After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, ably dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged(a) injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bear down into law. (pg. 233) amusement park in the CaribbeanHundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a ill-advised costume festival right before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which means to put away(predicate) meat. (internet site caribbean carnival)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became quite famous. The manage spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to foreshorten control of the Americas and other parts of the gentlemans gentleman, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating pleasure ground. In many an(prenominal) parts of the realism, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today circus celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures ready come together and especially Afri outhouse saltation and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. all- all- authorized(a)(prenominal) to the Caribbean festival arts are the past African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tra dition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean nation carnival became an most-valuable way to express their generous heathen traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or overall purpose and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and forbearance is put into work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. genus Circus groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes line drawing a common theme.When funfair first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before alter Wednesday). Nowadays funfair festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which pleasure ground celebrations such as music disputations, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, dishful pageants, balls, parades etc. take place may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, some(prenominal) (prenominal)times weeks, the spate of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and mere joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit Caribbean carnival)E actuallyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations.Antigua and BermudaThe festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. e genuinelywhere the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the unite States have slipped into the Antiguan community and immingle with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent memorializes, and owing(p) music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua fair. In retrospect, the Antigua funfair dates back in majestic 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants barely was soon conquered by the British and was officially restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom.As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua pleasure ground. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua circus has developed into ten days jammed with revelry in a glitzy expressive style of dance to the stir up of the fairy-slipper. It includes marge, jump-ups and shows which unendingly took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the outmatch time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to detect the Pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the as yett.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their mixed wardrobes are made. It is also the starting berth as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively e outlet culminates by a massive road party called Jouvert, which means day break. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the drums from the young night until the middle aurora.Barbados ( trim down over)Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to re crusade nefariousness spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that hoi polloi can spiritually rise in a higher place anything. Most European colonies deep down the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations.The Histor y of domesticate oerThe end of the wampum cane harvest, or nip oer as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the ingathering Over festival, we find the manager of Newton woodlet writing in 1788 to the estates owner in England, tell him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, saying twas a celebration of reaping Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of grove life in Barbados carried on idempotent after the end of slavery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an colossal difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For man y the interval between two crops would and then have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the designing of a man stuffed with trash (the dehydrated leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was k directlyn as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the orchard, and, fit in to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a tint of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could.The festival was apparently jolly common at the beginning of the reconcile century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A butt againstion of carts would bring the last canes to the grove yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colorful kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point tha t that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally tot some salt meat and rum. yet by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a customs which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the exploitation availability of other sources of employment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the guinea pig Cultural Foundation, pays subsidy to the fact that sugar is sboulder clay important in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new.CROP-OVER carnivalCrop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process e nriched by much history, a poke visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad & Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 whitethorn 01 begins with the drawn-out Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. may 1 is the last-placee, where borders, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May twenty-four hour period line of battle, The Caribbeans largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the notice delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an glorious night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and uprise with the culture. U nlike most Carnivals whose roots are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season.The end to all the strenuous and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. Surely a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. phratry Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are public events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and borders perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the worlds best even though it featu res primarily local talent.Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, walkaway an important role in deciding who will win the title of ships company monarch butterfly, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. Get tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, circumstancely with all the palaver about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable Grand Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large materiale bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) Tuk endemic to Barbados, its a combination of Af rican and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass part drums and whistles. They play sounds like marching band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over.Calypso & SocaAlthough calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very prominent place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55)SteelbandBorrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and prime(prenominal) of the music to the issue that steelband has now taken a place on the course of instruction of many of the schools on the island.Grand KadoomentThe noble finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for Designer of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes picture non-homogeneous themes dancing to music acting from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys wind puppet their way down to Spring garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (vincy mas)HistoryHugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity since at the dawn of histor y, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who be St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich compartmentalization added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level.Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances. stated however, when personal chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and dis contend the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before ash tree Wednesday. Unable to chain the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held other opinion, The main reason was to suppress the peoples culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not infrastand these expressions and treasured to stifle them. The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people firm that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate.They began the celebrations as early as th e Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the fortify might of the Empire. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and 12th February into this countrys history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincents culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to provide accompanying music to its calypso. ( pg. 47).By 1973, it was virtually impossible to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its wing outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival, R agguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the distance of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth, held its Carnival around the same time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season.The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso disceptation and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be organised to showcase the dishful and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival.TrinidadCarnivals principal components a re calypso, steelpan and play mas (masquerade). In the historic capital urban center of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a five day ritual pageant beginning with the King & Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). ( discolor pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an memorable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before final and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and reflection known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. picThe genesis of this worlds greatest Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction. musical composition the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an paramount theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy Trinity is blessed as the unifying principle. This is the coun trys well known motto, resting at the base of the omnipresent and striking T&T cover of Arms reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the experience lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. picToday Trinidads model for public celebration is the most widely attendd festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean.Jouvert poke Jab The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is evenhandedly devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are emaciated on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating change and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick-skulled whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. driving force MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mlasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival.The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may cytosmear his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. duration some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, seemingly restraining him as he pulls against them in his state of nature dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time.Trinidads carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the life style and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country moolah thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. nigh 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on apace, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night.The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the mask balls of the French, the slaves would hold the line their own tiny carnivals in their gardens using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their ascendance as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets.This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools assurance that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and root s. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations chip in in Trinidads Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities whole kit and caboodle as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59)BibliographyCaribbean carnival Caribseek.comhttp//www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml.Carnival in Trinidad. Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidad exploitation and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http//www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm.Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. 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